Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residue materials as biosorbents

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）, e.g., naphthalene, acenaphthene, phenanthrene and pyrene, from aqueous solution by raw and modified plant residues was investigated to develop low cost biosorbents for organic pollutant abatement. Bamboo wood, pine wood, pine needles and pine bark were selected as plant residues, and acid hydrolysis was used as an easily modification method. The raw and modified biosorbents were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The sorption isotherms of PAHs to raw biosorbents were apparently linear, and were dominated by a partitioning process. In comparison, the isotherms of the hydrolyzed biosorbents displayed nonlinearity, which was controlled by partitioning and the specific interaction mechanism. The sorpfion kinetic curves of PAHs to the raw and modified plant residues fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics model. The sorption rates were faster for the raw biosorbents than the corresponding hydrolyzed biosorbents, which was attributed to the latter having more condensed domains （i.e., exposed aromatic core）. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose component under acid hydrolysis, the sorption capability of the hydrolyzed biosorbents was notably enhanced, i.e., 6-18 fold for phenanthrene, 6-8 fold for naphthalene and pyrene and 5-8 fold for acenaphthene. The sorpfion coefficients （Kd） were negatively correlated with the polarity index [（O＋N）/C], and positively correlated with the aromaticity of the biosorbents. For a given biosorbent, a positive linear correlation between logKoc and logKow for different PAHs was observed. Interestingly, the linear plots of logKoc-logKow were parallel for different biosorbents. These observations suggest that the raw and modified plant residues have great potential as biosorbents to remove PAHs from wastewater.     

滴水湖及其水体交换区沉积物和土壤中PAHs的分布及生态风险评价

采用GC-MS联用技术分析了滴水湖及其水体交换区23个表层沉积物和土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,探讨其分布特征及来源并对其生态风险进行评价.结果表明,滴水湖沉积物中16种PAHs含量范围是11.49~157.09 ng·g-1,平均含量为66.60 ng·g-1,湖区沉积物中PAHs含量比入湖区低,但比出湖区高.湖区外的沉积物和土壤中PAHs组成主要以中、高分子量PAHs(4环、5~6环)为主,而湖区内表层沉积物中PAHs组成则以低分子量PAHs(2~3环)和高分子量PAHs(5~6环)为主.通过特征化合物分子比值法、主成分分析及多元线性回归模型判源,表明湖区外沉积物和土壤中PAHs来源主要为燃烧源,而湖区内沉积物中PAHs来源为燃烧源和石油类产品泄漏的混合来源.生态风险评价显示,滴水湖及其水体交换区沉积物和土壤中PAHs生态风险较低.     

佛山高明河水环境多环芳烃的分布特征与通量研究

利用液液萃取法和气相色谱-质谱方法对佛山境内高明河水环境多环芳烃（PAHs）进行了测定,并对PAHs的分布特征与通量进行了初步研究.结果表明高明河水环境中16种优控PAHs的浓度范围在41.6～375.6 ng/l之间,从上游到下游总体呈递增的趋势,其下游浓度偏高可能与荷城街道较为密集的工业和人口分布有关.高明河水环境PAHs的总含量高于欧美一些低污染水域,但低于国内一些主要河流.高明河PAHs年通量约为333.8 kg.     

岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃、脂肪酸分布特征及来源分析

为探究重庆青木关岩溶地下河水中多环芳烃(PAHs)和脂肪酸的含量组成、分布特征、来源及污染水平,2013年雨季和旱季分别于地下河中进行水样采集,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对水样中PAHs和脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,青木关地下河水中PAHs和脂肪酸的含量范围分别为77.3~702 ng·L~(-1)和3 302~45 254 ng·L~(-1).组成上,PAHs以2~3环为主,其比例高于90%,脂肪酸碳数范围为C10~C28,以饱和直链脂肪酸为主,其次为单不饱和脂肪酸.分布特征上,雨季:地下河水中各采样点PAHs的含量差异较小,脂肪酸的含量在入口、出露处和出口呈现依次降低的趋势,其中出露处和出口脂肪酸的含量较为接近;旱季:地下河水中PAHs含量在入口、出露处和出口呈现先降后升的趋势,脂肪酸含量在各采样点较为接近.总体上,地下河水中PAHs和脂肪酸的含量都表现为雨季显著高于旱季.来源分析表明,青木关地下河水中PAHs主要来源于该河流域煤和木材、农作物秸秆等生物质的燃烧;脂肪酸主要来自该河流域内硅藻、绿藻等水生藻类和细菌,其中以水生藻类的贡献占主导.地下河水受到PAHs中轻度污染,相对于旱季,雨季污染更严重.     

西安市地表灰尘中多环芳烃分布特征与来源解析

采集了西安市地表灰尘样品58个,利用GC-FID对其中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行含量分析,在此基础上研究了其分布特征与环境来源.结果表明,西安市地表灰尘中单体PAH的含量范围为14.69~6 370.48μg·kg~(-1);16种PAHs总量(Σ_(16)PAHs)范围为5 039.67~47 738.50μg·kg~(-1),平均值为13 845.82μg·kg~(-1).与国内外其他城市比较发现,西安市地表灰尘中PAHs的含量相对较高.地表灰尘中PAHs主要由4环以上的高分子量PAHs构成,7种致癌芳烃(Σ_7CPAHs)平均占Σ16PAHs的46.08%.地表灰尘中Σ_(16)PAHs的平均含量在工业区最高,文教区、交通区和商业交通混合区含量次之,住宅区和公园较低.地表灰尘中Σ_(16)PAHs平均含量沿主城区-二环-三环由内向外呈增加趋势.地表灰尘中Σ16PAHs在东郊和西郊工业区、南郊和北二环重交通区相对较高,主城区、北郊和城市东南部较低.比值法、聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,西安市地表灰尘中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料和煤的燃烧,其中柴油燃烧和汽油燃烧的方差贡献率分别为36.07%和32.31%,煤燃烧方差贡献率为23.40%.     

河南某市驾校地表灰尘多环芳烃组成、来源与健康风险

采集河南省某市29所驾校的地表灰尘样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定样品中16种优控PAHs含量,用终生致癌风险增量模型(ILCR)评价灰尘PAHs不同暴露情景下(情景1、2、3分别为驾校工作5 a、10 a和20 a)的健康风险,用比值法、成分谱法和主成分因子载荷法揭示PAHs来源.结果表明,驾校灰尘ΣPAHs含量在198.21~3 400.89μg·kg-1之间,平均908.72μg·kg-1.单体PAHs含量较高的是萘、菲、蒽、荧蒽,含量最低的是二苯并[a,h]蒽,低环PAHs占ΣPAHs的55.79%,高环占44.21%.3种情景下的平均健康风险为情景3(3.71×10-7)情景2(1.85×10-7)情景1(9.27×10-8),只有一个驾校(J11)在情景3存在潜在健康风险,其他情景下均无风险.皮肤接触灰尘是最主要的PAHs暴露途径,其占总风险的64.21%;其次是误食途径,占总风险的33.04%;吸入途径可忽略不计.驾校灰尘PAHs主要来源为化石燃料不完全燃烧源和混合源,农田区驾校灰尘PAHs的柴油/天然气动力车排放源、燃煤源和汽油车排放源贡献率分别为56.44%、26.55%和17.01%,工业区驾校混合源、汽油车和炼焦/燃煤排放源贡献率分别为76.26%、22.85%和0.89%,混合区驾校燃煤源、天然气/柴油动力车排放源和汽油车排放源的贡献率分别为45.57%、45.41%和9.02%.灰尘PAHs含量及健康风险与其周边环境、前期土地利用状况密切相关.     

应用表面活性剂-生物柴油微乳液去除污染土壤中多环芳烃

针对修复焦化厂高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤高成本的现实,采用以非食用性植物油、生物柴油、表面活性剂及其乳化合成的微乳液为淋洗剂,比较不同淋洗剂的淋洗效果。结果表明乳化合成的微乳液对焦化厂土壤中多环芳烃的总去除率高于单独使用表面活性剂为淋洗剂对土壤中多环芳烃的总去除率,说明生物柴油及植物油与表面活性剂乳化形成的微乳液对原污染土壤中的多环芳烃具有显著的增溶作用。1%TW-80和2.5%TW-80对土壤中多环芳烃总去除率分别为11%和14%;以2.5%TW-80为原料乳化合成的微乳液的淋洗去除率较以1%TW-80为原料乳化合成的微乳液高,总去除率分别为15%～30%和11%～18%;以生物柴油为原料乳化合成的微乳液的淋洗去除率较以植物油为原料乳化合成的微乳液高,分别为17%～30%和15%～23%,且对多环芳烃的去除率与其辛醇水分配系数(logKow)呈线性相关关系。     

What is most important for safety climate: The company belonging or the local working environment? – A study from the Norwegian offshore industry

Obtaining knowledge about factors affecting health, safety and environment (HSE) is of major interest to the petroleum industry, but there is currently a severe shortage of relevant studies. The aim of this study was to examine the relative influence of offshore installation (local working environment) and company belonging on employees’ opinions concerning occupational health and safety. We analyzed data from a safety climate survey answered by 4479 Norwegian offshore petroleum employees in 2005 on the dimensions “Safety prioritisation”, “Safety management and involvement”, “Safety versus production”, “Individual motivation”, “System comprehension” and “Competence” using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), effect size and mixed model. The companies differed significantly for “Safety prioritisation”, “Safety versus production”, “Individual motivation”, “System comprehension” and “Competence”. The local offshore installation explained more of the safety climate than the company they were employed in or worked for did.     

Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Spanish northern continental shelf. Assessment of spatial and temporal trends

The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was determined in surface sediments collected at 36 stations along the Spanish Northern continental shelf in March and September 2003, and February 2005. Concentrations of PAHs (Σ13 parent components) were in the range of 22-47528 μg/kg dw, the highest values corresponding to coastal urban-industrial hotspots and decreasing offshore. Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) showed that concentrations of total PAHs were below the threshold effect level (TEC) in 27 stations (81%) and above in 7, two of which (Gijon and Bilbao) were above the probable effect concentration (PEC). The detailed study of diagnostic ratios suggested a rather uniform mixture of petrogenic and pyrolytic PAH sources along the continental shelf, with a slight decrease of the latter moving westwards and offshore. In order to assess the incidence of sediment sampling on the variability of the results, selected stations were also monitored in February and September 2004 and September 2005. The average field variance of the values obtained for each station was 31% that decreased to 23% when the values were normalized to TOC.     

Age-dating Diesel Fuel Spills: Using the European Empirical Time-based Model in the U.S.A.

In 1993, a paper was published by Christensen and Larsen that offered a method for determining the age of diesel oil spills in soil (Christensen and Larsen, 1993 Ground Water Mount. R . Fall , 142-149). It presented an empirical time-based model of the degradation of diesel fuel in soils using chemical data gathered at petroleum release sites in Denmark and the Netherlands. Now, evaluation of the validity of the application of this work to subsurface petroleum releases in other countries remains. In the U.S.A., investigations assessing date(s) of release of diesel fuel in soils, e.g. age dating of subsurface petroleum contamination, have considerable interest. Litigation-driven scientific investigations with accompanying expert testimony in a court of law are underway. The number of instances where application of the Christensen and Larsen empirical time-based model to petroleum-contaminated properties is growing in the U.S.A. This paper presents two case studies which evaluate the applicability of the Christensen and Larsen empirical time-based model to petroleum-contaminated properties in general. It illustrates the approach using gas chromatographic data from two recently-completed projects evaluating the applicability of the Christensen and Larsen model to a No. 2 fuel oil/diesel fuel surface spill in the U.S.A. Results showed that the application of the model to petroleum-contaminated soils was scientifically valid, provided its applicability was evaluated using hypothesis testing for specific changes in the characteristics of the petroleum hydrocarbon distribution in a number of soil samples collected over time at one site. The paper offers observations on the application of the Christensen and Larsen model to petroleum found in the light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) phase and groundwater.